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of ten smaller villages. He keeps record of the
lands under cultivation, crops grown and other
such details of the whole area under his jurisdic-
tion (AS' III. 35).
(3) The Gopa under the Nāgarika works in the
city. He is in charge of a maximum of forty
smaller families and a minimum of ten larger
families. He keeps record of sex, caste, profes-
sion and other details of the members of the
families allotted to him. (AS' II. 36).
 
GOVIKARTA--(1)=Govikartana.
(2) One of the eleven Ratnis (q.v.).
(3) The term means either 'the officer in charge
of the royal herd of cattle,' or 'the master of
forests cum the officer in charge of the
huntsmen'. Altekar, SGAI, p. 162. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, p. 196.
 
GRĀMA--(1) In Ṛgveda, the term relates to a group
of related families or a sect and only at a later
time it came to mean a regular village or settle-
ment. Basham, The Wonder that was India, P. 35.
(2) At all times the village was the unit of gov-
ernment. There was no uniformity of the
size of a village. A grāma could contain even
as many as 1,000 families in the upper limit. Basham, Ibid, p. 104.
 
GRĀMANĪ--(1) The village headman or a military
captain. It is one of the few government offi-
cers mentioned in the Ṛgveda. (Vide Altekar,
SGAI, p. 311).