Political Concepts in Ancient India /86

66
 
Political Concepts in(2) Ancient India
 
(2) mara gives Bali and Bhāgadheya as
synonyms of Kara. bhāgadheyah karo bali (Amara gives Bali and Bhagadheya as
synonyms of, Kara.
 
ṣatriya Varga).
(3) Kautilya mentions it as one of the ten
ṭilya mentions it as one of the ten
varieties of Rāṣṭra in AS' II. 15, where it occurs

side by side with Pindṇḍakara (tax in kind received

from the countryside in a regular manner), SṢad-

bhāga (one sixth of the land produce) and Bali

(additional levies). Here Kara seems to mean the

tributes received from feudatory Kings.
 

(4) Kautṭilya also keeps in mind the broader mea-

ning of Kara as a tax in general when he uses

the term to form the larger term Pindṇḍakara.
 

(5) 'A tax in general' in the Smrti literature.³
 
(ṛti literature. Cf. akarah s'rotriyah, (Āpastamba Dharmasutra, II. 10.26.1),
brāhamaṇebhyah karādānaṁ na kuryāt (Viṣṇu Dharma Sutra
III. 25).
(6) A nice example of the term being used in the

sense of 'a tax in general' is found in the Allaha-

bad Stone Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta,

where it is used with the word sarva (all) to

mean 'all sorts of taxes and tributes'.
 
sarvva-kara-dānājnakaraṇa (line 22) in ASPI of Samudra-
gupta. vide D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Vol. I, p. 165.
 
KARMAKARA --(1) A servant. He used to get a

mutually agreed salary. (AS' III. 13).5
 
(2) It seems that the status of a Bhrta Cf. ka,
 
2. bhagadheyah rmakaro bali (Amara, Ksatriya Varga).
 
3. Cf. aasya karah s'rotriyah, (Āpastamba Dharmasutra, II. 10.26.1),
brahamanebhyah karmasambandham ādsannān vidyuḥ yatha-
sambhāṣitaṁ na kuryāt (Viṣṇu Dharma Sutra
III. 25).
 
4. sarvva-kara-dānājnakaraṇa (line 22) in ASPI of Samudra-
gupta. vide D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Vol. I, p. 165.
 
5. Cf. karmakarasya karmasambandham āsannā vidyuḥ yatha-
sambhāşitvetanaṁ vetanam labheta. (The neighbours should have

the knowledge of the appointment of a new servant in any of the

families of the neighbourhood. The servant should receive an
agreed salary.)
 
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Original from
 
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agreed salary.)
(2) IVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
 
t seems that the status of a Bhṛtaka,