Political Concepts in Ancient India /82

Political Concepts in Ancient India
 
pay is fixed at 60 panṇas yearly by Kautṭilya. (AS'

V. 3).
 

 
UPAYA --(1) A means of success against an enemy

(Apte).
 

(2) There are four such Upāyas, viz. Sāma

(conciliation or negotiation), Dāna (bribery or

gift), Bheda (sowing of dissensions) and Danda
ṇḍa
(punishment or military action).
 
62
 

(3) Kautṭilya also gives the term Upapradāna

for Daāna. Cf. Upaāyassāmo-papradānabhedadaṇ-
d
ḍaḥ (AS' II. 10).
 

(4) Manu seems to give the word Yuddha also

for Dandḍa, for he advocates that it is better to

try to win the enemy with any one of Sāma,

Daāna and Bheda or with all of them put together,

but never with Yuddha. Thus, he uses the word

Yuddha, where he should have given the term

Dandṇḍa. Cf. samnā dānena bhedena samastair
āmnā dānena bhedena samastair
athavā pṛthak vijetum prayatetārin na yuddhena
ṁ prayatetārin na yuddhena
kadācana (Manu Samhitaṁhitā. VII. 198).
 

(5) But, earlier Manu had already observed by

expressly mentioning the term Dandṇḍa, that

of the four Upaāyas, Saāma and Danda are the
ṇḍa are the
best. Cf. sāmādīnāmupāyānaṁ caturnṇāṁ api panṇ-
d
ḍitāḥ sāmadaṇḍau prasśaṁsanti nityamṁ rāṣtrābhi-

vṛddhyaye (Manu Samṁ. VII. 109).
 

(6) From the immediately earlier verse we learn

that the enemy is to be brought under control

even by Daṇḍa if the earlier three Upayas do
āyas do
not work well (Manu Samṁ. VII. 108). From

Kulluka's com. we learn that Danda is praised
 
Digitized by
 
Google
 
Original from
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
 
ṇḍa is praised