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(2) Kauṭilya uses the term in the sense of a
trust, for he speaks of enjoying the Upanidhi.
(AS' III. 12). Cf. upanidhibhoktā deśakālānurupaṁ bhogavetanaṁ dadyāt
(AS' III. 12).
 
UPANIPĀTA--Calamity or damage caused to any
merchandise by the state (rājā), thief, fire and
water. Cf. raja-corāgnyudakabādhā upanipāta
(AS' III. 15).
 
UPANISAT-PRAYOGA--Secret use of fire, poison,
etc. for the killing of enemy. The details are
described in AS' Book XIV.
 
UPĀYUKTA--(1) A responsible and fully autho-
rised official (AS' II. 9).
(2) This officer is immediately higher in rank
than the Yukta, for whenever there is any doubt
regarding the conduct of a Yukta, the King should
make an enquiry from the Upāyukta.(AS' II. 8).
 
UPASTHANA--(1) A waiting hall for the subjects
coming to meet the King. (AS' I. 19, X. 1).
(2) Āsthānamaṇḍapa in the same sense as in 1.
(3) A type of training for the elephants. (AS'
II. 32).
(4) One of the ten assigned functions of a Koṣṭh-
āgārādhyakṣa (q.v.), is called Upasthāna, which
is, again, found in six forms mainly concerned
with measurement of materials. The details are
given in AS' II. 15.
 
UPASTHAYIKA--Men engaged for looking after
the elephants and other such animals. Their