ḍanīti-starkavidyārthas'śāstrayoḥ (Svarga-
varga). Earlier, Māhabhārata had the
term Rājadharma in the sense of the
science of polity. cf. sarvasya jīvalokasya
rājadharmaḥ parāyaṇam (Mhb. XII. 56-3).
(8) In later times, the term Nītis'śāstra (being
an abridgement of the term Rājanītis'śāstra)
came to be used in the sense of the science
of politics. cf. sarvopajīvakaṁ lokasthitikṛn-
nīti s'śāstrakam (Śukranītisāra, 1—5).
(9) Rājadharma, meaning the whole Duty
of the King, is mainly concerned with the
spiritual good of the individual King.
Arthas'śāstra is mainly concerned with the
security and prosperity of the state as a
whole. U.N. Ghoshal, HIPI, p. 82.
(10) See also Dandanīti for a suggested distinc-
tion with Arthas'śāstra.
 
ARDHASĪTIKA--A cultivator who pays half of
the produce to the owner of the land. (AS'Ś
II. 24 and III. 11).
 
AVAKRAYAṆA--Rent for a hired house. (AS'Ś
III. 8).
 
AVAKRETĀ--A landlord who lets out a house for
rent. (AS'Ś III. 8).
 
AVAMARDA--Occupation of the enemy's fort.
The procedure for this operation is described
in AS'Ś XIII. 4.
 
AVARODHA--(1) Siege or blockade of enemy's
fort.