Political Concepts in Ancient India /176

156
 
Political Concepts in Ancient India
 
same Indra is called Viratāṭ, Svaratāṭ and Samrat.
āṭ.
This renders it difficult for us to understand

Vairājya as a republic with a 'group of people'

as its political heads. (See also our notes under

Svārājya).
 

 
VYAYASŚARĪRA--The heads of expenditure of

the State. Twenty-four such heads are enume-

rated by Kautilya in ASṭilya in AŚ II.6.
 

 
VYAVAHĀRA--(1) Any transaction (AS'Ś III. 1).³
tirohita......kṛtāṁśca vyavahārān pratiṣedhayeyuḥ (AŚ III. 1).
(2) The Current Law as laid down in the Artha-'
sastra. In this sense it is one of the four Vivād-
apadas. (AŚ III.1)
 
(3) Judicial procedure."
 
(4) A legal dispute or a law suit.
 
(5) Medhatithi on Manu Sam, VIII. 1, explains
it to mean either the legal efforts of the litiga-
nts to have advantage over each other' or 'the
transactions like loans and borrowings, when
they become subjects of dispute.'
 
(6) Amara gives (Vivāda) as a synonym of
Vyavahāra. (Vivado vyavahāraḥ, Amarakośa,
Svargavarga).
 
(7) Vyāvahārikaśāstra. See No. 3 under Vi-
vadapadas.
 
=
 
2. tirohita......kṛtāṁśca vyavahārān pratiṣedhayeyuḥ (AS
III. 1).
 
3
śāstra. U. N. Ghoshal, A History of Indian Political Ideas, p. 113.
4 In this sense it is one of the four Vivād-
apadas. dharmaśca vyavaharasca cartitrśca cartitraṁ rājaśāsanam rāj
vivādārthaśāsanacatuṣpadah paścim
vivādārthaś catuṣpadah paścimaḥ purvesadhakaḥ
(A
(AŚ III. 1) (S' III. ee Vivādapadas). (AŚ III.1) (See Vivādapadas).
 
5
(3) Judicial procedure. Cf. Vyavahāraṣtvāṁ pṛcchati (Mṛcchakaṭikā, IX).
6
(4) A legal dispute or a law suit. Cf Kna saha mama vyavāhāraḥ (Ibid) ?'
 
Di
(5) Medhātithi on Manu Saṁ, VIII. 1, explains
it to mean either the legitizeal efforts of the litiga-
nts to have advantage over each other' or 'the
transactions like loans and by
 
Gooorrowingle
 
Oris, when
they become subjects of dispute.'
(6) Amara ginal froves (Vivāda) as a synonym
U of
Vyavahāra. (Vivado vyavahāraḥ, Amarakośa,
Svargavarga).
(7) =Vyāvahārikaśāstra. See NIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
 
o. 3 under Vi-
vadapadas.