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154
 
Political Concepts in
form of government. Ancient India
 
form of government. After being anointed the
fter being anointed the
people are called Virat.
 
āṭ. ....tasmād etasyām udīcyaṁ diśi ye ke ca pareṇa himavan-
taṁ janapadā uttarakurava uttaramadrā iti vairājyāyaiva tebhiṣi-
cyante virāḍityanenābhiśiktān ācakṣata......
(4) According to Altekar this term denotes "a

republic, a state which had no king.'
 
9⁹6
 
' Altekar, SGAI, p. 38.
(5) Jayaswal takes the term to mean literally

"the king less constitution"."
 
Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, p. 78.
(6) Thus this term implies a form of republic

where there is no king and the political power
is vested in the people at large.
 

is vested in the people at large. Martin Haug (Aitaraya Brāhmaṇa, Vol. II, p. 518 n),
referred to by Jayaswal (Ibid., p. 78), also takes the people as a
whole to have been anointed for assuming the political autho-
rity. of."....for here are the Janapadāḥ, i.e., people in oppo-
sition to the king mentioned as abhishikta, i.e., anointed...,"
(7) Vairājya, with the meaning given above,

may be distinguished from Ganaraṇarājya by

assuming that the former is a 'government by

the people as a whole', while the latter is a

government by a group or Gana'.
 

(8) In Arthaśāstra this term seems to have a

different meaning. In AS VIII. 2 Kautilya
ṭilya
discusses the superiority of Dvairaājya (q.v.)

to Vairājya. There he seems to take the term

Vairājya in the sense of a "foreign rule, which

comes into existence by seizing the country
 
5. ....tasmād etasyām udīcyaṁ diśi ye ke ca pareṇa himavan-
tam janapadā uttarakurava uttaramadrā iti vairājyāyaiva tebhişi-
cyante virädityanenābhisiktān acakşata......
 
6. Altekar, SGAI, p. 38.
 
7. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, p. 78.
 
8. Martin Haug (Aitaraya Brāhmaṇa, Vol. II, p. 518 n),
referred to by Jayaswal (Ibid., p. 78), also takes the people as a
whole to have been anointed for assuming the political autho-
rity. of."....for here are the Janapadāḥ, i.e., people in oppo-
sition to the king mentioned as abhishikta, i.e., anointed...,"
 
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN