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Glossary
 
(2) This term is often found in the Brāhmaṇa
literature and the Mahabhārata.
 
(3) In the Mahabharata, this term definitely
signifies a superiority of the monarch to whom
it is applied as an epithet. Cf. Santi Parva,
 
43.11 and 68.54.
 
VIRUDDHARĀJYA—(1)=Pkt.
 
1
 
151
 
Viruddharajjā.
 
(2) This term occurs in the Jaina Ācārāngasūtra,
quoted under Ganarajya (q.v.).
 
(3) This term seems to mean a State ruled by
two contending Kings at the same time. It is
different from Dvairājya, presumably, because
of Dvairājya being ruled by two rulers in com-
plete harmony while it is ruled by two rulers
who are opposed (viruddha) to each other.
 
(4) See also n.2 under Dvairājya for a reference
to this term in the AS'.
 
VIVĀDAPADAS (1) The sources of the state law.
They are four in number and are viz. Dharma,
Vyavahara, Caritra and Rajaśāsana as given
by Kautilya in the verse:
 
dharmas'ca vyavaharas'ca caritram rājaśāsanam
vivādarthas'catuspädah pascimaḥ pūrvasādhakaḥ
(AŚ III.1).
 
(2) As found in a subsequent verse given by
Kautilya in the same context, Caritra is syno-
nymous with Samstha and Rajaśasana means
Nyāya.³
 
(3) Dharma-Dharmaśāstra or the sacred canon;
Vyavahāra Vyavahārika (as given in the
 
8. anusā saddhi dharmeņa vyavahāreṇa saṁasthayā
nyayena ca caturthena caturāṇtāṁ mahim jayet (AŚ III. 1).
 
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN