Political Concepts in Ancient India /171

Glossary
 
(2) This term is often found in the Brāhmaṇa

literature and the Mahaābhārata.
 

(3) In the Mahaābhaārata, this term definitely

signifies a superiority of the monarch to whom

it is applied as an epithet. Cf. SaŚānti Parva,
 

43.11 and 68.54.
 

 
VIRUDDHARĀJYA—(1)=Pkt.
 
1
 
151
 
Viruddharajjā.
 

(2) This term occurs in the Jaina Ācārānṅgasūtra,

quoted under Ganaraṇarājya (q.v.).
 

(3) This term seems to mean a State ruled by

two contending Kings at the same time. It is

different from Dvairājya, presumably, because

of Dvairājya being ruled by two rulers in com-

plete harmony while it is ruled by two rulers

who are opposed (viruddha) to each other.
 

(4) See also n.2 under Dvairājya for a reference

to this term in the AS'.
 
Ś.
 
VIVĀDAPADAS --(1) The sources of the state law.

They are four in number and are viz. Dharma,

Vyavahaāra, Caritra and Raājaśāsana as given

by Kautṭilya in the verse:
 
dharmas'ca vyavaharas'ca caritram
dhārmaśca vyavahāraśca caritraṁ rājaśāsanam
vivādarthas'catus
vivādarthaścatuṣpäādah pasścimaḥ pūrvasādhakaḥ

(AŚ III.1).
 

(2) As found in a subsequent verse given by

Kautṭilya in the same context, Caritra is syno-

nymous with Samsthaṁsthā and Rajaśasana means

Nyāya.³
 
(3) Dharma-Dharmaśāstra or the sacred canon;
Vyavahāra Vyavahārika (as given in the
 
8. anusā saddhi dharmeņa vyavahār anuśā saddhi dharmeṇa vyavahāreṇa saṁasthayā
nya
nyāyena ca caturthena caturāṇtāṁ mahimīṁ jayet (AŚ III. 1).
 

(3) Diharma=Dharmaśāstra or the sacred canon;
Vyavahāra= Vyavahārika (as gitized by
 
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
 
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