Political Concepts in Ancient India /153

Glossary
 
example, in Aitareya Brāhmaṇa 8-37-5 as ren-

dered by A. B. Keith' the term means a para-
mount rule.
 

mount rule. A. B. Keith, The Ṛgveda-Brāhmaṇas the Atharvaveda
(Harvard Oriental Series, XXV).
 
MITRA --(1) An ally.
 

(2) In the context of the Mandala-theory
ṇḍala-theory
there are two distinct types of allies.
 

(3) If a king belonging to an alternate territory

and bearing a kinship with the Vijīgi u, behav-

es as an ally by nature, he is called a Sahaja-
mitra.8
 
-
 
133
 
(4) If an ally comes to ta
mitra. Cf. bhūmyeke shelter with the
Vijīgi u for the safety of his own wealth and
life, he is called a Kāntaraṁ prakrtimitraṁ mātā-pitṛtrima mitra.
 
(5) Kāmandakīyanītisāra (IV.71) recognises four
varieties of Mitra, and they are-a friend isamby
birth, one acquired through connection, one
who is a friend on account of the situation of
the territory, and one saved from calamity.
 
Cf. aurasam maitrasambaddham tathā deśakramī-
7. A. B. Keith, The Rgveda-Brāhmaṇas the Atharvaveda
(Harvard Oriental Series, XXV).
 
8. Cf. bhumyekäntarandhaṁ prakrtimitram mātā-pitrisambandham

sahajam (AS' VI. 2).
 
9
(4) If an ally comes to take shelter with the
Vijīgi u for the safety of his own wealth and
life, he is called a Kṛtrima mitra. Cf. dhanajiīvitahetorāśritamṁ krṛtrimamiti (AS' V.I. 2), From
the English translation of Shamasastri and also the Bengali

translation of R. G. Basak, Kauțilya appears to recognise only

two varieties of Mitra, viz. Sahaja Mitra (natural friend) and

Krṛtrima Mitra (acquired friend) But according to the Jayaman-
ṅ-
galā Com on Kāmandakiyanītiyanītīsara, IV. 71, Kautilya recognises
ṭilya recognises
three varieties, viz. Sahaja-, Prṛakṛta- and Krṛtrima Mitra. As

understood by Jayamangalā, one belonging to an alternate terri-

tory (bhumyekāntaram) is the Praākrṛta-while one bearing a

kinship (mātā pitṛsambandham) is the Sahajamitra,
 
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Original from
 
UN
(5) Kāmandakīyanītisāra (IVERSITY OF.71) recognises four
varieties of MIitra, and they are-a friend by
birth, one acquired through connection, one
who is a friend on account of the situation of
the territory, and one saved from calamity.
CHIGAN
 
f. aurasaṁ maitrasambaddhaṁ tathā deśakramā-