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PAUTAVĀDHYAKṢA--The Controller of weights
and measures. (AS' II. 19). This officer was
required to supervise the making of the measur-
ing instruments (Pautava) and to ensure the
preciseness of the instruments.
 
PAUNARBHAVA--(1) The son of a woman from
her first husband, if already born in time of her
marriage with another, becomes a Paunarbhava
son to the second husband. Cf. punarbhūtāyāḥ
paunarbhava (AS III. 7). Cf. also Manu Saṁ,
III. 155.
(2) In Manu Saṁ, IX. 176 the second husband
of a woman is called Paunarbhava.
 
PAURA(S)--The citizens belonging to the cities
and presumably to the enlightened society, as
opposed to Jānapadas, the rural folk. Vide, Satkari Mookerjee, 'Political Wisdom of Ancient India,' Journal of the Bihar Research Society, XXXXV. parts
1-IV. December, 1959.
 
PAURAVYĀVAHĀRIKA—A judge appointed to
hear cases in the cities. His salary is fixed at
12000 Paṇas annually. (AS' V. 3).
 
PRAKĀŚA YUDDHA--An open fight between
two parties in an appointed place and time.
Cf. prakāśayuddhaṁ nirdiṣṭo deśekāle ca vibhra-
maḥ (AS' VII. 6 verse 8).
 
PRAKṚTI--(1) The term is often used in plural
as PRAKṚTAYAH. This term has various
meanings as follows.
(2) Subjects (of a king) as in Śakuntalā 7.35. pravartātaṁ prākrtihitāya pārthivaḥ