Political Concepts in Ancient India /105

(4) According to Nītivākyāmṛta (ch. II) of Soma-
deva Suri, Tīrthas are the judicial and the exe-
cutive officers. dharmasamavāyinah kāryasamavāyinaśca puruṣāḥ tīrtham.
(5) Rāmāyaṇa (II. 100.36) mentions the term
Tīrtha and mentions the number of Tīrthas to
be eighteen. kaccidaṣṭādasānyeṣu svapakṣe das'śa panca ca tribhistribhi-
ravijnātairvetsitīrthāni cāraṇaih
(6) The Tilaka com. on Rāmāyaṇa mentions the
following officers as Tīrthas : Mantrī, Purohita,
Yuvarāja, Senāpati, Dauvārika, Antaḥpurā-
dhikṛta, Bandhanāgārādhikṛta, Dhanādhyakṣa,
Rājājña-vakta, Prāḍvivāka ( = Vyavahārapraṣṭā)
Dharmāsanādhikṛta Vyavhāranirṇeā (=Sabhya),
Senābhṛtidānādhyakṣa, Karmante vetaṇagrāhiṇaḥ,
Nagaradhyakṣa, Rasṭrantapala (Ātavika), Daṇ-
ḍaṇādhikārī and Durgapāla.
(7) Kauṭilya uses the term Mahāmātra also for
Tīrtha, for he also gives a list of 18 Mahāmātras
and the same is identical with the list given
by the Tilaka com., and a little later in the
The 18 Mahāmātras are enumerated by Kauṭilya in AŚ. I.12, and they are viz. Mantrī, Purohita, Senāpati, Yuvarāja,
Dauvarika, Antarvamsika, Pras'śāṣṭā, Samāhartā, Sannidhātā,
Pradeṣṭā, Nāgarika, Pauravyavahārika, Kārmāntika, Mantri-
pariṣadadhyakṣa, Daṇḍapāla, Durgapāla, Antapāla and Āṭavika.
(According to a variant reading we should read Nāyaka for
Nāgarika). See under MAHĀMĀTRA.
Tilaka com. quotes a verse from some Lexicon, according
to which the word tīrtha, besides other meanings, also has the
meaning as the group of 18 beginning with mantrī : yonau jala-
vatāre ca mantryadyāṣṭādas'śavapi puṇyakṣetre tathā pātre tirthaṁ
syād dars'śaneṣvapi.