Handbook of Classical Sanskrit Rhetoric /28

xtadguṇa, atadguṇa, vi
 
A Handboyājok of Classical Sansti, vakrit Rhetoric
 
okti, svabhāvokti,
bhāvika and udātta).
 
In this connection we may refer to the similar type of classifica-

tion of the figures of speech in English language :
 

1.
 
tadguna, atadguna, vyājokli, vakrokti, svabhāvokti,
bhävika and udätta figures based on similarity (simile, metaphor, allegory
etc),
2. figures based on association (metonymy, synecdoche
etc),
3. figures based on difference (antithesis, climax etc),
4. figures based on imagination (personification, hyper-
bole, apostrophe etc),
5. figures based on indirectness (irony, periphrasis etc),
6. figures based on sound (alliteration, assonance etc),
7. figures based on construction (interrogation, exclama-
tion etc).
 
5.
 
6.
 
figures based on similarity (simile, metaphor, allegory
etc),
 
2.
 
figures based on association (metonymy, synecdoche
etc),
 
3. figures based on difference (antithesis, climax etc),
4. figures based on imagination (personification, hyper-
bole, apostrophe etc),
 
figures based on indirectness (irony, periphrasis etc),
figures based on sound (alliteration, assonance etc),
 
7. figures based on construction (interrogation, exclama-
tion etc).
 

 
Number of alamṃkāras : We have already discussed that two fun-

damental divisions of alamṃkāras have been accepted in principle by

Sanskrit rhetoricians. Along with these some other classes of
alam
alaṃkāras (relating to both sound and sense) have also been recog-

nised by some of them. But as to the question of number of figures

there is wide difference of opinion among the scholars. In the his-

tory of Sanskrit literary criticism, we find that different theories on

the critique of literature have been established and such theories

have critically analysed the fundamental qualities of artistic creativ-

ity which go to make the language of poetry an agreeable combina-

tion of word and meaning. Bharata's Nāṭyaśāstra is the first extant

work on Sanskrit dramaturgy and some of the topics here are

related to both drama in particular and literature in general.

Bharata gives a list of four alamṃkāras (upamā, rūpaka, dīpaka and

yamaka). But with the passage of time the number has increased

very rapidly through the discovery of new figures. Numerous hand-

books and encyclopediaes <error>encyclopediaes</error><fix>encyclopedias</fix>were prepared throughout one and half

millenium years (ie 6th-18th centuries AD).
 

 
As the theory and practice of rhetoric developed gradually crit-
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN