Handbook of Classical Sanskrit Rhetoric /217

Vişamaḥ: Incompatibility
 
विशेषदर्शनायैव सा विशेषोक्तिरिष्यते ॥ स. ४.७०

विशेषोक्तिरखण्डेषु कारणेषु फलावचः । का. प्र. १०.१६३

कारणसामग्र्ये कार्यानुपपत्तिर्विशेषोक्तिः । अ. स. ४३

विशेषोक्तिरनुत्पत्तिः कार्यस्य सति कारणे । च. ५.७६

यदि कारणसाकल्ये कार्यसिद्धिस्तदा विशेषोक्तिः । ए. ८.३६

तत्सामग्र्यामनुत्पत्तिर्विशेषोक्तिर्निगद्यते । प्र. य. ४२३

सति हेतौ फलाभावे विशेषोक्तिस्तथा द्विधा । सा. १०.६७

कारणे सत्यपि कार्याभावो विशेषोक्तिः । अ. शे. ४.४

कार्याजनिर्विशेषोक्तिः सति पुष्कलकारणे । कु. ३५.८३

विशेषोक्ति: कारणेषु सत्सुकार्यस्य नोदयः । अ. कौ. ८.२७२

प्रसिद्धकारणकलापसामानाधिकरण्येन वर्ण्यमाणा कार्यानुत्पत्तिर्विशेषोक्तिः । र. २

हेतौ सत्यपि कार्यानुत्पत्तिः स्याद् विशेषोक्तिः । अ-कौ. ३७
 
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<headword>विषम</headword>
 
विषम: Visamahṣamaḥ: Incompatibility :
 

 
Visṣama (vi sama) literally means unequal, rough, irregular, odd, inac-

cessible, adverse, unfavourable, unusual, incompatible etc. As a figure of

speech Vişṣama occurs when the actions or qualities coming in the

form of effect produced by the relevant cause appear mutually con-

tradictory to each other. Simply it is a kind of unnusual or incompat-

ible relation between cause and effect.
 

 
In the physical world, cause and effect are closely related, and

one type of cause produces the same kind of effect, and, as a rule,

there is no exception to it. But in the poet's world there might be

some incongruity apparently formed by fancy. According to

Rudratṭa, the figure Vişṣama should be included in the list of figures

based on factual statement (vāstava-mūla). Actually Visṣama is based

on contrast expressed in hyperbolic statement (atisśaya ). Most of

the rhetoricians while dealing with Visṣama simply give its character-

istic features instead of giving its actual definition. Mammaţa
ṭa
observes that the desired result of the action undertaken or accom-

plished by someone does not benefit the doer concerned, rather
some undesired result is produced instead.
 

some undesired result is produced instead.
 
Jagannātha and others have listed three varieties of Vișamaṣama :
 
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN