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ii
 

 
A Handbook of Classical Sanskrit Rhetoric
 

 
the stage of beginning during the time of Bharata (cir 100-300 AD)

we do not find any theory about alamkāra, guna or dosṇa or doṣa, which are
the most common topics of discussion for almost all rhetoricians of

the most common topics of discussion for almost all rhetoricians of
Sanskrit. We can easily assume that literary criticism or alamkāra-
śäāstra as a special branch of knowledge (ie vidyaā) developed long
before Bhaāmaha and Dandṇḍin (600-700 AD). The term alamkāra, on
the one hand, has been very broadly used to signify the art of
poetry by which poet's language and expression become invested
with beauty ie saundarya which is synonymous with cãāruta (sweet-
ness), mādhurya (grace), camatkāra (taste), ramaṇīyatā (charm)
and, on the other hand, is commonly used to denote the figures of
speech. The treatment of numerous rhetorical figures shows that
these varieties of figurative expression are concerned with musical
qualities, linguistic pattern, sound and sense, poetic diction, ele-
gance of thought etc. About hundred books were written on
Sanskrit poetics and many of them used the word alamkāra in the
title. The earliest books on poetics by Bhaāmaha, Vamana and
āmana and Rudraţa are entitled kāvyālamkāra. According to Raājasekhara the
ancient tradition called it sa
ancient tradition called it sāhityavidyäā (sähitya means combination of
āhitya means combination of word and meaning, and vidyā is branch of knowledge). The other terms
are
are : Mirror of Poetry (kaāvyādarśa or saāhityadarpaṇa), Interpretation

of Literature (kāvya-mīmāsā) or Rules and Regulations of Poetry

(kāvyānuśāsana).
 

 
Poetry is the best expression of the strongest experience of the

innermost feeling, deepest sentiment, wisest sense and sensuality

in metaphor. Poet's language is symbolic and, therefore, far

removed from ordinary speech. Sanskrit critics of poetry have

attempted to delve deep into the philosophy of poetic art. The

Rāmāyaṇa myth insists on the expression of the strongest sentiment
of pathos (which may be compared to Aristotle's catharsis) as the
basis of the origin of poetry. It was an expression of deep sorrow
from the heart of the poet-seer Vālmīki who became charmed and
enraptured by his own outpourings and asked himself: what a wonder is this which is arranged in metre, regulated by syllables and set on rhythm and timbre! The Agnipurāṇa compares the poet or the creator of poetry with God, the omnipotent, omnipresent and omnis-
der is this which is arranged in metre, regulated by syllables and set on
rhythm and timbre! The Agnipurāṇa compares the poet or the cre-
ator of poetry with

God, the omnipotent, omnipresent and omnis-
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN