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INTRODUCTION
 

 
2
 

 
41
 

 
The number of editions of Canakya's aphorisms

and maxims is immense. No one knows how many of

them have been issued,¹ the more so as many served in

India for popular, rather than scholarly purposes,

many were used as textbooks for teaching Sanskrit,

and many were selections from well-known Cāṇakya

versions, abridged editions of Cāṇakya versions, arbi-

trarily modified by editors and often so changed that

their model could not be recognized any more. The

editors of some Cāṇakya editions considered their work

as compilations of Subhāṣita-samgraha-s based on

Cāṇakya aphorisms and maxims; this means that the

basis was one or another edition of so-called Cāṇakya

aphorisms and maxims which was arbitrarily expurgated

and to which the editor had added a number of well-

known aphorisms and maxims from other sources or

well-known sayings transmitted orally, which he liked

or thought that his readers would like. These
particular editions are from the critical standpoint

particular editions are from the critical standpoint
worthless. They mostly appeared in Bengal, in

Bengali characters and were based on an astottaraśata

collection of Caṇakya's aphorisms (CN version).
 

 
1 cf. The Delhi Public Library: An Evaluation Report by Frank

M. Gardner, UNESCO Public Library Manuals 8, Paris,

UNESCO, 1957. It is said there that book selection in the verna-

culars is difficult for the staff of the Delhi Public Library because

of the disorganized book trade, the lack of standard lists of

publishers' output and the lack of adequate reviews.
 

 
2 E. Bartoli called them deminutio capitis of the celebrated

Canakya (CNF, p. ii).