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Political Concepts in Ancient India / 153 Image 153 of 214 (Page 153)

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example, in Aitareya Brāhmaṇa 8-37-5 as ren-
dered by A. B. Keith the term means a para-
mount rule. A. B. Keith, The Ṛgveda-Brāhmaṇas the Atharvaveda
(Harvard Oriental Series, XXV).

MITRA--(1) An ally.
(2) In the context of the Maṇḍala-theory
there are two distinct types of allies.
(3) If a king belonging to an alternate territory
and bearing a kinship with the Vijīgi u, behav-
es as an ally by nature, he is called a Sahaja-
mitra. Cf. bhūmyekāntaraṁ prakrtimitraṁ mātā-pitṛisambandhaṁ
sahajam (AS' VI. 2).
(4) If an ally comes to take shelter with the
Vijīgi u for the safety of his own wealth and
life, he is called a Kṛtrima mitra. Cf. dhanajīvitahetorāśritaṁ kṛtrimamiti (AŚ V.I. 2), From the English translation of Shamasastri and also the Bengali
translation of R. G. Basak, Kauțilya appears to recognise only
two varieties of Mitra, viz. Sahaja Mitra (natural friend) and
Kṛtrima Mitra (acquired friend) But according to the Jayamaṅ-
galā Com on Kāmandakīyanītīsara, IV. 71, Kauṭilya recognises
three varieties, viz. Sahaja-, Pṛakṛta- and Kṛtrima Mitra. As
understood by Jayamangalā, one belonging to an alternate terri-
tory (bhumyekāntaram) is the Prākṛta-while one bearing a
kinship (mātāpitṛsambandham) is the Sahajamitra,
(5) Kāmandakīyanītisāra (IV.71) recognises four
varieties of Mitra, and they are-a friend by
birth, one acquired through connection, one
who is a friend on account of the situation of
the territory, and one saved from calamity.
Cf. aurasaṁ maitrasambaddhaṁ tathā deśakramā-

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