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Glossary of Indian Figures of Speech / 198 Image 198 of 348 (Page 198)

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196

GLOSSARY

body and makes the mind languid, but friend, when the loved one
is unattainable, it quickly steals one's life away"). (4) "No profane
hand shall dare, for me, to curtail my Chaucer, to Bowdlerize my
Shakespeare, or mutilate my Milton" (Anon., quoted in Burton
Stevenson). (5) This item cove two of Dandin's four types: jāti
and dravya. The Sanskrit example also illustrates madhya dipaka,
the English, ādi. Also called karty ('agent").

kriyā, 'verbal': (1) a type of zeugma in which the word common to the
several phrases is a verb. (2) D 2.97 (99, 104), V 4.3.18, U 1.14,
R 7.64 (66-68), M 156. (3) kāntā dadāti madanam madanaḥ samtāpam
asamam anupaśamam । samtāpo maraṇam aho tathâpi śaraṇam
nṛṇām saiva (Rudrața: "The beloved woman imparts longing;
longing, unquenchable and incomparable passion; passion, death.
She is thus the only refuge of men"). (4) "Not poets alone, nor
artists, nor that superior order of mind which arrogates to itself all
refinement, feel this, but dogs and all men" (Theodore Dreiser).
(5) Dandin recognizes kriyā dīpaka as one of four types (see jäti,
guṇa, dravya), Vāmana as the only type, and the other authors, as
one of two types (see kāraka). This classification by the gram-
matical function of the common word (or phrase) is not known in
the oldest texts (Bharata and Bhāmaha), but Dandin produces the
standard fourfold division here as in other figures (svabhāvôkti,
vyatireka, višeşôkti). It becomes simplified later by the coalescing of
jäti and dravya into kāraka and the dropping of guna dipaka.
Vāmana's ignorance of other varieties is curious, but is probably
due to his programmatic attempt to reduce all the figures to kinds of
simile. A zeugma in which the shared word is a noun does not fit
as well into the frame of comparison as does the verbal zeugma,
since the figure then recounts only different aspects of one subject
rather than the same aspect of two different subjects. The Sanskrit
example also shows ādi dīpaka (the verb occurs not first, but in the
first quarter stanza); the English shows madhya dipaka.

guņa, 'adjectival': (1) a type of zeugma in which the word common to
the several phrases is an adjective of description. (2) D 2.97 (100).
(3) śyāmalāḥ prāvṛṣeṇyābhir diśo jīmūtapańktibhiḥ । bhuvaś ca suku-
mārābhir navaśādvalarājibhiḥ (Daṇḍin: "The sky is dark with great
ranks of rain clouds, the earth with sweet shoots of new grass").
(4) "Beautiful lofty things: O'Leary's noble head" / My father upon
the Abbey stage, before him a raging crowd / ... Standish O'Grady
supporting himself between the tables / Speaking to a drunken

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